Light, Lenses & Exposure
What each camera setting actually changes, and why.
Aperture primarily controls which two things?
The camera has been reinvented roughly once a generation. These are the changes that mattered.
Photography's history is a sequence of solved problems. The first images were unique objects that could not be copied, so the negative was invented. Negatives had to be coated and developed while still wet, so dry plates followed, and photographers stopped carrying tents into the field. Plates were heavy and slow to change, so roll film arrived, and cameras became small enough to carry without deciding to. Each step widened who could take a picture and what could be photographed. The 35mm camera made candid street work possible because it was quiet and quick. Instant film removed the wait entirely. The digital sensor removed the material cost of an exposure, which changed how many pictures people take more than it changed what a camera is. The optics at the front have altered remarkably little throughout.
Every question in this quiz is listed below with its correct answer and the reasoning behind it. Play first if you would rather not see the answers — or read through as a study sheet.
Play it insteadAnswer: B. A polished silver-coated copper plate
Why: Each one was unique and could not be reprinted. That limitation is a large part of why the rival paper-negative process eventually won.
Answer: A. The calotype
Why: William Henry Fox Talbot patented it in 1841. The negative-to-positive principle then governed photography for around a century and a half.
Answer: D. Coated, exposed and developed before they dried
Why: Photographers therefore carried a portable darkroom into the field, often a tent or a converted wagon. It is one reason so many 1860s war photographs show static subjects and aftermath.
Answer: C. 35mm
Why: The film stock was borrowed from the cinema industry, which already used it by the mile. The small, quiet body made unobtrusive street photography practical for the first time.
Answer: B. One for viewing and one for taking the picture
Why: The photographer looks down into a hood at waist level. That posture encourages a lower viewpoint than an eye-level camera, which is visible in the pictures.
Answer: A. The print developed inside the camera within minutes
Why: Edwin Land demonstrated it in 1947. The story goes that his young daughter had asked why she could not see a photograph straight away.
Answer: D. A doubling or halving of the light reaching film or sensor
Why: Aperture, shutter speed and sensitivity are all calibrated in the same units. That shared scale is what lets a photographer trade one against another and keep the exposure identical.
Answer: C. The first commercially successful colour film
Why: Its colour dyes were added during a complicated development process rather than being built into the film. Very few laboratories in the world could process it.
Answer: B. The 1980s
Why: Minolta's Maxxum 7000 of 1985 put the focusing motor in the camera body itself. Rival manufacturers followed within a few years, and compact cameras had it earlier still.
Answer: A. An electrical charge
Why: Colour is reconstructed from a mosaic of red, green and blue filters laid over the pixels. There are twice as many green filters as either of the others, because human vision is most sensitive there.
A Germanic language wearing a French coat and carrying a Latin dictionary. Why English spelling is a mess with reasons.
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What each camera setting actually changes, and why.
Aperture primarily controls which two things?
Cartier-Bresson to Vivian Maier: ten photographers and the work their names are attached to.
Which photographer is associated with the idea of "the decisive moment"?
The paintings, novels and figures worth knowing by name.
Who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel?