People, Groups & Change
The vocabulary of society, defined rather than argued.
Sociology is the study of what?
Every society marks the same handful of moments — birth, adulthood, marriage, death — and the machinery it uses to do so is remarkably similar.
Anthropology started paying close attention to ceremony once it noticed how alike the underlying structure is across societies that never met. Arnold van Gennep, writing in 1909, argued that rites marking a change of status almost always run in three movements: the person is separated from their old position, spends a period in an ambiguous middle state, and is then formally reincorporated with a new standing. Once you have the pattern, it is visible in graduations, weddings, military basic training and initiation ceremonies alike. The other half of the subject is what holds a group together between ceremonies — the prohibitions nobody has to explain, the reckoning of who counts as kin, the stories carried by voice rather than paper. These questions cover that vocabulary, and where a term has a popular meaning that drifted from its technical one, the explanation says which is which.
Every question in this quiz is listed below with its correct answer and the reasoning behind it. Play first if you would rather not see the answers — or read through as a study sheet.
Play it insteadAnswer: B. A person's movement from one social status to another
Why: Arnold van Gennep divided such rites into separation, a threshold period and reincorporation. He found the same three stages in societies with no contact with one another.
Answer: A. A strong social prohibition on an act, object or word
Why: The word entered English from Tongan in the eighteenth century after Cook's voyages recorded it. Breaches are typically met with revulsion rather than argument, which is what distinguishes it from an ordinary rule.
Answer: D. A population dispersed from a homeland that keeps ties to it
Why: The word is Greek for a scattering. It was used mainly of Jewish communities for centuries before broadening to describe Armenian, African, Irish and many other dispersals.
Answer: C. The mother's line
Why: Descent, residence and authority are separate rules that can point in different directions. A matrilineal society is not automatically one in which women hold political power.
Answer: B. A group inside a wider society with its own distinct norms and tastes
Why: Sociologists separate it from a counterculture, which defines itself against the mainstream rather than simply alongside it. Most subcultures borrow heavily from the wider culture they sit within.
Answer: A. Spoken transmission across generations, often in fixed poetic forms
Why: Rhythm, rhyme and stock phrases act as a kind of error correction. That is why long epics could be carried for centuries with much of their wording intact.
Answer: D. The Pacific Northwest coast of North America
Why: It centred on giving away or destroying wealth in order to confirm rank. Canada and the United States both outlawed it for decades, and the bans were lifted only in the mid-twentieth century.
Answer: C. Marrying within a defined group
Why: Exogamy is the opposite rule. Many societies run both at once, endogamous by religion or class while exogamous by clan or village.
Answer: B. The physical objects a society makes and uses
Why: Archaeology depends on it almost entirely. Pots, tools and postholes outlast the beliefs and conversations that once surrounded them.
Answer: A. The in-between period when a person holds neither their old status nor the new one
Why: Victor Turner developed the idea from van Gennep's middle stage, noting that ordinary rank often dissolves during it. Initiates are frequently secluded, stripped of insignia or given a temporary name.
A Germanic language wearing a French coat and carrying a Latin dictionary. Why English spelling is a mess with reasons.
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